Wednesday 12 December 2012

SEXUAL OFFENCES - EXAMINATION


The immediate role of the forensic medical examiner is to examine and record all the general and genital injuries, collect all available forensic evidence, give a preliminary opinion to the police and provide immediate medical care to the patient.  Submitting a comprehensive medico-legal report and appearing in the high court to give oral evidence are also duties of the forensic medical examiner but there usually is enough time to prepare for them.

During the examination the doctor must remain impartial when dealing with both the alleged victims and suspects regardless of the nature of allegation.
Whatever the pressure from the police the doctor should always give priority to the urgent medical needs of both the alleged victims and suspects.

Examination facilities
 

Whatever the examination facilities are the doctor should always have one thing in mind which is to prevent ‘cross contamination’. The doctor and the examination locus can act as the vehicle which transfers the forensic evidence from the alleged victim to the suspect and vice versa unless the doctor is conscious about this possibility. The unnecessary contact between the alleged victim and the suspect at the examination facility may also cause cross contamination.

(Cross contamination is transfer of ‘trace evidence’ between the alleged victim and suspect during the medico-legal examination. The defence may raise this issue during the trial to make a reasonable doubt as to how the ‘trace evidence’ had exchanged between the suspect and the alleged victim. It is the doctor’s duty to show the court (and the jury) that during his/her examination the possibility of cross contamination was non-existent.)

In the west, to prevent this, it is recommended that the alleged victim and the suspect be examined in two different places or at least in two different times and by two different doctors to prevent ‘cross contamination’.  If it is not possible to find two different doctors, the doctor should at least go home, have a shower, change clothes and shoes before examining the second person.

Since this may not be possible in Sri Lanka the examiner should take maximum precaution possible not to cross contaminate during the examination. (I am not sure how the doctor does it given the kind of facilities we have in our hospitals.)

The facility should at least have necessary equipments and minimum facilities to provide medical care and undertake adequate forensic assessment. This easier said than done in our part of the world.
Support for the complainant
In the West a specially trained police officer of the same sex is allocated to the alleged victim.  He/she will accompany the complainant to the examination facility, obtain details of the allegation in order to determine the need for forensic samples and further the police investigation and provide verbal and practical support for the alleged victim.

In Sri Lanka usually the female victims and small boys are accompanied by the women constables of the ‘women and children desk’ of the police station. Most of them are not trained to deal with the sexual assault victims.
Documentation
Suitable proforma should be used to record the findings.
History Taking
In the west there are qualified police officers in the police stations to deal with the alleged victims of sexual assault. They take the detail statement from the alleged victims and suspects before producing them for medical examination. This process is sometime called ‘interview’. The doctor usually takes a summary of the allegation from the accompanying police officer in order to determine which forensic samples are relevant, to tailor the examination and to address the medical and psychological need of the complaint. The doctor asks the details from the alleged victim only when the information obtained from the police is not adequate. The doctor usually limits his/her inquiry to minimum as much as possible because asking the same question again and again unnecessarily distresses the alleged victim. 

However, in Sri Lanka since the police is not trained to take details history from the alleged victims it has become the doctor’s duty to take detailed history, especially from the child victims of sexual abuse. It is recommended that the doctor should record the history verbatim in question and answer format and in the same language. They should avoid asking leading question from the alleged victim as far as possible. If it is unavoidable it should be limited only to a few pertinent questions. The doctor should always be mindful of the sensitive nature of the questions he/she is about to ask. They should never be impatient with their patients and the pace of the examination should be such that the alleged victim should be comfortable with it.

Although the alleged victims of sexual abuse are presented to the doctor with MLEF the report is not usually written on the Medico-Legal Report (MLR) as it is not adequate for cases of sexual abuse. Therefore, the preferred style of report is ‘free style’. The courts usually accept ‘free style’ report as they understand the limitations of the MLR. The usual headings of the ‘free style’ report may include:
1.       History

a.       Obtained from the patient

b.      Obtained from the mother/guardian/father/.....

c.       Obtained from the police

d.      Medical history

e.      Social history

f.        Sexual history

2.       Examination

a.       General examination

b.      Examination of systems

c.       External examination

d.      Examination for injuries

e.      Genital and anal examination

3.       Investigations and results

4.       Conclusion (summary of findings)

5.       Opinion

6.       Referrals

With regard to suspects it is the usual practice that the doctor does not inquire about the alleged incident.  Instead the doctor should obtain the details from the police officer before the examination begins and not in the presence of the suspect.

Important Details of the Allegation

History should include following salient points about the alleged incident. They may be useful in interpreting the physical findings, both injuries and forensic evidence.

1.       Date and time of the sexual assault(s)

2.       Location: Inside/outside (weather wet/dry)

3.       Number of alleged assailants

4.       Restraints/weapons and their use

5.       Injuries sustained by the complainant (when, how and where on body?)

6.       Injuries sustained by the suspect (e.g. was the assailant scratched by the complainant?)

7.       Type and number of sexual act(s)/use of condom/lubricant

8.       Relative position during sexual acts

9.       Site(s) of ejaculation

10.   Bleeding from vagina or anus: due to injury or menstruation

11.   Use and disposal of sanitary pads/tampons

12.   Other types of contact (e.g. gripping, kissing, licking, biting, spitting or scratching)
 

Since the incident

Relevant to all recent allegations

1.       Manner of leaving scene and resulting injuries

2.       Changed/washed clothing

3.       Bathed/showered

4.       Washed/brushed/combed hair

5.       Alcohol/drug taken

6.       Medical treatment received

Relevant to allegation of oral intercourse

1.       Cleaned teeth/rinsed mouth

2.       Drank any fluid/ate food

Relevant to allegation of vaginal intercourse

1.       Consensual vaginal intercourse

2.       Contraception (particularly) condom used

3.       Lubricant used

4.       Douched

5.       Vaginal bleeding /pain

Relevant to allegation of anal intercourse

1.       Consensual anal and/or vaginal intercourse

2.       Protection (condom) used

3.       Lubricant used

4.       Anal bleeding/ pain

5.       Bowl action

(Obtained from Clinical Forensic Medicine, 3rd Edition, Ed. W.D.S. McLay, Cambridge 2009)

During the examination if injuries are noted it is appropriate to ask from the patient how they came to be and their responses should be recorded.

Current Medical Problems

It is important to know the current medical problems the examinee is suffering from and the medication they are on. The reasons why the doctor should know about them include:

·         The doctor may misinterpret the injuries if they does not realize that pre-existing physical conditions might affect their appearance e.g. patients with bleeding disorders can easily bruise. Even pre-existing psychological conditions may lead to misinterpretation of the alleged victim’s or suspect’s behaviour.

·         The doctor can decide on the type of aftercare required by the patient e.g. suicidal ideations

Past Medical History

Only appropriate past medical history should be obtained as it is not possible to protect the medical confidentiality.

Sexual and contraceptive history

Recent sexual and contraceptive history is important to identify recent sexual activity that could misinterpret both medical and scientific findings. However, the doctor should avoid asking about the past sexual history which is not relevant for his or forensic scientist’s interpretation of physical findings as once obtained they have to be revealed to the court, which could be a unnecessary distraction for alleged victim’s cause.

Sometimes sexual and contraceptive history would determine type of aftercare as suspicion of possible pregnancy might contraindicate some of the proposed treatment plans.

Suspect should not be asked about recent sexual experience.

Drugs and Alcohol

In the west it is the usual practice to take blood and/or urine for toxicological analysis if intoxication is suspected. In that case a detailed account of the use of drugs or/and alcohol should be taken either by the doctor or police officer. In out part of the world this rarely happens. If intoxication due to drug and/or alcohol is suspected clinical examination is all that required.

Clothing and Jewellery

In the west, interpretation of the damages to clothing is the responsibility of the forensic scientist. However, the doctor is required to note the damage to and state of the clothes and jewelleries. If the doctor feels that there may be forensic evidence in jewelleries they should swab them.  

If the alleged victim or the suspect is wearing the same clothes they had worn during the incident they should undress on a sheet of paper (brown paper) in order to collect the loose foreign material stuck to the clothing. After the undressing is complete the paper should be folded and kept as a production. The brown paper is preferred as the tiny pores it contains helps to evaporate the excess moisture, which otherwise might be collected inside and ruin the quality of forensic evidence.

Each item of clothing should be placed in brown paper bags, labelled, signed and handed over to the police. Ideally there should be a Scene of Crime Officer to help the doctor in this exercise.

After the undressing the patient should be given appropriate examination gown to wear. The police should provide suitable alternative clothing they can wear after the examination. In the west the examination facilities provide showers for the patients’ use.

General Examination

Doctor’s approach must be sympathetic but professional. They should reassure the examinee without giving false hope. They should never tell them that everything is going to be alright without realising that it may not be. They should show them that they are understanding and sensitive.

The doctor should never rush with the examination. It should proceed in a pace reassuring the examinee that it can be stopped at any time. The doctor should be ready to stop the proceeding if the examinee shows the slightest distress or discomfort. They should always preserve the dignity of the examinee and minimize any discomfort.

If the incident is suspected to have occurred within preceding 14 days a comprehensive general examination should be done, which should include methodical inspection of every body surface and recessed areas such as behind the ears, axillae, breasts etc.

This is usually done in tandem with the recovery of forensic evidence. If it is not possible it should always be done after recovery forensic evidence as the examination may destroy the potential evidence.

Every significant injuries and lesions is inspected, measured and recorded (sketched, drawn and photographed). 

Examination of Genitalia and Anus

The doctor is not expected to do a blanket examination for each and every case of sexual abuse. The examination and recovery of forensic evidence themselves are traumatic experiences. Therefore, the extent of examination and forensic sampling should be tailored to the alleged incident. For instance, if the alleged victim does not complain about peno-anal contact the doctor is not supposed to obtain the anal swabs and do a comprehensive anal examination.

The doctor should record the findings on an imaginary clock face, 12 ‘o’ clock at mons pubis and 6 ‘o’ cock at coccyx.

The examiner should wear an examination gown and gloves. Sometimes they should also wear a mask and cover the head if they feel that they might contaminate the evidence.

To avoid contamination and destruction of evidence all trace evidence should be retrieved before any examination.

The recommended position for examination of female genitalia is ‘partial lithotomy' with knees flexed and heels on the couch. For the anal examination the preferred position is ‘left lateral’.

For children ‘frog-leg’ and ‘prone knee'-chest positions’ are recommended with techniques of ‘labial separation’ and ‘labial traction’.

 Examination of ano-genital area

Inspect inner thighs, buttocks carefully for evidence of injuries and stains. Expose the genial area by parting the labia or buttocks. Stains should be noted and swabbed.

Pubic hair- note the presence and length. If secretions noted amongst pubic hair they should be cut/swabbed. Comb with wide tooth comb and recover loose hair and foreign bodies. Cut pubic hair for control. Never pluck them. ( How to do them will be discussed in detail later.)

Female genitalia

Examination  

When the alleged victim describes peno-vaginal penetration inspect the genitalia with a cool light source and magnifying glass. (Colposcope should be ideal if available)

After all the forensic samples have been recovered a ‘Foley’ catheter’ or a moistened swab can be used to inspect the hymenal tissue. In cases of non-virgins internal examination of the vagina and cervix can be done using an appropriate size speculum. The injuries, bleeding, source of bleeding etc. should be recorded.

Male Genitalia

Full examination of the genitalia should be done.  Note whether the body is circumcised. If not retract the foreskin and inspect the glans. Injuries should be noted on the foreskin, glans, shaft and scrotal sac. Evidence of vasectomy should be noted. This should be done after taking the forensic samples.

Perianal Region

If the alleged victim alleges anal penetration by penis perianal region should be examined after taking forensic samples with a cool light source and a magnifying glass. (If a colposcope is available it can be used as well.) Injuries such as lacerations, swelling, reddening, fissures and abnormalities such as gaping, haemorrhoids, scars, warts, discharge, venous engorgement, thickening of skin, absence of puckered anal margin should be observed.

After taking forensic samples an appropriate sized proctoscope can be used to inspect the interior.

Digital examination should only be attempted only if clinically indicated. It is no longer considered to be a valid tool to evaluate the anal tone.
(Theese lecture notes were prepared from two books
1.       The physical signs of child sexual abuse, an evidence-based review and guidance for best practice, March 2008, Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health.
2.       Clinical Forensic Medicine, 3rd Edition, Ed. W.D.S. McLay, 2009, Cambridge.)
 
Priyanjith Perera
12/12/12

 
 

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